בעיקר מדובר ב לחך איזמלני (אך גם בלחך גדול ומצוי )המצוי במקומות לחים וגדות נחלים -- דלקת ריאות - עלים טריים Streptococcus pneumoniae
--לחך גדול לחך איזמלני - שימוש עממי כנגד סרטן במפרץ הפרסי- סעודיה שימוש עממי לסרטן באמריקה הלטינית -סוזאן ווייד ,וגם במוזכר בספרו של קרליטו סטפטמן מברזיל לחך איזמלני - משמש לבעיות מעיים בפקיסטן - שימוש ב-4 גרם ליום
עצירות כרונית ,עוצר דימום ברחם ובכלל (בדומה לילקוט הרועים
מוריד לחץ דם ,מוריד כולסטרול ,אנטי דלקתי
אנטי בקטריאלי (מצמח טרי שלא עבר חימום ,מיץ עלים או חליטה קרה
ומנקה דם
בעיות בכליות משתן אנטי סרטני חזק מאוד
דימום בשתן ,דלקות ופצעים בחניכים בפה ובגרון,גם שיח עלי אומר שטוב לחיטוי הפה חניכיים ואולי גם חיידקי שיניים
נוגד רעלים
אלרגיות - תה שלוש פעמים ביום ,ולבעיות עור אלרגנית לשטוף שלוש פעמים ביום מהתה (קרליטו
בעיות בראות ,שיעול,ברונכיט,אסטמה,הצטננות ונזלת
מטפל ברקמות הריריות של מערכת העיכול
טוב מאוד לכבד
טוב לשחפת קרוהן טחורים
שלשול שחפת, דלקת עיניים, חתכים שריטות ,תסמונת מעי רגיז,אולקוס
הרעלת כספית
חיצוני טוב לעקיצת בעלי חיים גירודים דלקות ואולקוס בעור -רצוי צמח טרי ולא מחומם -שווה לנסות גם צמח חם
כנ"ל לגברי ראומטיזם ,השיטה האינדיאנית הייתה לעשות ממרח מהשורש ולהצמיד למקום הפגוע ולחזק עם עלי הלחך
וגם לדלקות עור
ר' חיים ויטאל היה נוהג להשתמש באכילת עלים טריים
אין בעיה עם הריון והנקה
חולטים צמח יבש במים רותחים
או צמח לח ניתן גם לאכול
ניתן לבשל צמח טרי בשמן וליצור משחה לאקזמות
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בהודו עושים מקלות בד
(Isaptent )
,שאותם ממלאים בקליפות מזרעי לחך סגלגל
מרטיבים את הזרעים והזרעים מעלים את הנפח שלהם עד פי שבע
השימוש הוא בתור תיליה להרחבת הרחם ולסיום הריון או הפלה או ניתוח
היתרון הוא גם בכך שזרעי הלחך גם משמנים ומסככים את המקום
---------------------------------------------------- חומרים פעילים luteolinLUTEOLIN Activities luteolin inhibits the effects of epidermal growth factor and tyrosine kinases
(EGFR)עוד על חומרים פעילים מהלחךטענה שחוזרת על עצמה לאחר המחקר הזה ,שיש בצמח חומרים חשובים שיש בקערורית baicalein המחקר מ 1973 ,לא ברור האם אכן חומרים אלו נמצאים במחקר זה לא ברור האם מוצה החומר הנ"ל מהצמח ,או שהתייחסו לכך שמצאו אותו בעבר Oleanolic acid and Ursolic acid in P. MAJOR---------------------------------------------------- מונוגרף מעולה
This months plant profile for 'Keeping the Plants Alive' is written by Clare Baker, photos are by Barry O'Brien.
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The Old Ways
Common weed, gentle but not ineffective.
Traditional Uses
The leaves, seeds, and roots are highly mucilaginous and Plantain has a rich history of traditional use particularly in the treatment of sores and skin ailments of all types, diseases related to the respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproduction, the circulation, against cancer, for pain relief and against infections.
More specifically, for diarrhoea and all stomach and intestinal problems, as an eyewash, for internal bleeding/haemorrhage – including post-partum, for respiratory tract/pulmonary problems including coughs and bronchitis.
It has a special affiliation for children and is often mentioned as an excellent remedy for children's coughs and diarrhoea.
Dioscorides and Galen used Plantago both internally and externally.
Culpeper used the seeds as treatment for dropsy, epilepsy, jaundice, and “the spitting of blood” (tuberculosis).
An Arabian and Persian remedy for dysentery and all other stomach and intestinal trouble.
In New Zealand the boiled leaves were used for ulcers, the upper side was used to draw the wound and the underside applied to aid the healing. The water in which the leaves were boiled was used for scalds and burns and internally as a uterine stimulant.
A decoction of Plantain leaves, Clover and Puha was mixed with salt and drunk in cases of retention of the placenta. The juice from bruised, heated, or boiled leaves was used for cuts and boils, particularly when septic. Also for cracked lips. Bruised leaves on boils and burns. The plant was boiled and the liquid and steam were applied to haemorrhoids.
In Hawaii P major leaves were used for skin troubles. Leaves were used to rub on bee stings to relieve the sting. Mentioned in many European pharmacopoeias as an emollient and for curing inflamed gums. Included in the Philippine National Formulary as a remedy for inflamed gums and skin irritations. (Brooker et al, 1987. pps 191-3)
The New Ways
Mainly focus on the use of ointments for skin irritations and alcohol preparations for the treatment of coughs and bronchitis although as well as wound healing activity a range of biological activities has been found from plant extracts including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antibiotic, immuno-modulating and antiulcerogenic properties.
· Contains iridoid glycosides and phenols and is mucilage rich
· Anti-inflammatory activity (catalpol derivatives)
· Leaves are traditionally used topically as an emollient, and itch and sting relieving treatment in skin conditions.
Vitamins and Minerals
Contains vitamins A, C, and K and high levels of calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorous, zinc, copper and cobalt.
Animal Health Benefits
The seeds are used as bird feed.
Anecdotal literature and laboratory experiments suggest that plantain has some anthelmintic properties. It has been shown to reduce scouring and dags on sheep in some trials. Plantain contains chemical compounds with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumour properties.
Uses Internal
The whole plant is strongly mucilaginous accounting for its soothing and healing effects on the skin and mucous membranes. The leaves of P. major are reputed to contain substances which have some effect on reducing total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoproteins in the blood. Aqueous extracts of the plant have anti-inflammatory effects and strengthen capillary walls, while plantaglucide, in the leaves, shows anti-gastric ulcer activity.
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WHAT PLANT?
Plantain
Plantaginaceae
Plantago lanceolata, Narrow-leaved Plantain, Ribwort
Plantago major, Greater Plantain, Broad-leaved Plantain
There are many species of Plantain, reputedly over 200 worldwide. Medicinally P. lanceolata and P. major are the most commonly mentioned in herbal texts. Of these two P. major is more often profiled but P. lanceolata is usually also mentioned and the two are said to have similar properties.
Over the last decade more attention has been paid to P. lanceolata and its it is the only species of the two, listed as having been cultivated commercially. This has been carried out in recent times in Eastern Europe, Russia, France, Spain, and the United States.
Botanical description and habitat
Perennial, native to Europe but is naturalised in many temperate regions throughout the world. A common lawn and pasture weed in New Zealand and the coastal and southern regions of Australia. Common in pastures, on roadsides, waste places, riverbeds, and although often seeming to prefer dry, sandy soil, if transplanted to good garden soil it will always thrive.
Roots: branching, thin, greyish-white.
Flowers stalks: P. lanceolata: Erect, furrowed, leafless, up to 50cm (although I have seen a magnificent specimen growing in the city that had flower stems almost a metre high). P. major: shorter stalks and longer flowers (5-10 cm).
Flowers: P. lanceolata: flowers occur in a single spike per stem, up to 2.5 cm long, cone-shaped or cylindrical, very compact (similar in look and feel to a catkin), odourless, grey-green turning dark brown-black on ripening with tiny, four parted, creamy-white flowers with long stamens. Flowers during midsummer.
P. major: longer (5-10 cm) with smaller, darker seeds. Flowers into late autumn.
Of Plantago lanceolata are a basal rosette of radical, erect, lanceolate, 5 – 25 cm long, often purplish at the base and each with 3 – 5 longitudinal ribs. Covered with fine hairs on top and hairy along the ribs underneath. P. major has broad ovate leaves with 7 ribs.
Seeds: P. lanceolata seeds about 1 mm long, black-brown, oval.
P. major seeds smaller, rounder, brown.
Growing hints: Wild plant
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WHAT PART AND WHEN TO HARVEST?
Traditionally the whole plant has been used medicinally with the leaves being the most commonly used part in current herbal preparations. The leaves are harvested during late spring and summer, flowers as they arise depending on the climate, and roots generally spring or autumn.
HOW TO USE
Plantain is rich in mucilage and is therefore used as both a soothing and restorative treatment for mucous membranes and skin.
§ Coughs
§ Asthma
§ Bronchitis
§ Ulcers
§ Diarrhoea
§ Haemorrhoids
§ Cystitis
§ Liver tonic
§ Hayfever
Uses External
§ Wounds of all kinds – particularly effective at removing the itch from bites and the sting from cuts and grazes. Aids the healing of most skin disorders including psoriasis, cracked skin, and pimples.
§ As a drawing poultice finely chop or chew a Plantain leaf then mix with a pinch of cayenne powder. Apply to the site and bandage lightly. Change every 4 hours.
§ Haemorrhoids (ointment)
§ Nappy rash (ointment)
§ Minor burns including mild sunburn (oil, ointment)
§ Conjunctivitis (eyewash)
§ Gum disease, inflammation, mouth ulcers (mouth wash)
HOW TO PREPARE
Medicinal preparations can be made from both dried and fresh plants.
Traditionally infusions, decoctions, poultices, and ointments were used while today liquid extracts (fluid extracts, tinctures) are also used.
FROM DRIED PLANTS
Plantain Tincture
Take 50gm of finely ground plant material; place it in a jar with 250mls of menstruum (the alcohol/water mix). You will need 25% alcohol. This makes a 1:5 preparation where one part of the herb is represented by five parts of the menstruum. Macerate (allow to sit) for 2 to 6 weeks.
When the maceration is complete, the plant material is pressed out. It is important that as much as possible of the precious liquid is squeezed out. This can be done using a citrus or wine press or squeezing the liquid through a square of cotton or cheesecloth. The tincture can now be bottled, preferably in amber glass, stored away from the light and at an even temperature. Some herbalists also filter the liquid at this stage.
FROM FRESH PLANTS
Plantain Fresh Juice
Juice a handful of fresh leaves and flower heads along with a carrot or any other fruit or vegetable juice.
Plantain Syrup
Simmer equal parts of honey and the juice of the leaves for twenty minutes and store in a well-sealed glass container. Excellent as a cough remedy for children.
Plantain Tea
Fresh or dried leaves may be used for teas or infusions. For tea use one or two fresh leaves or 1 tsp of dried leaf to one cup of boiling water.
Traditional recipes often called for the fresh leaves to be boiled for a short time and left for up to two hours before being drunk.
Plantain Fresh Plant Tincture
Place 100gms of finely chopped fresh leaves in 230 mls of 25% alcohol.
The maceration time is as for dried plant tinctures.
Strain off the liquid and squeeze as much of the liquid out of the plant matter as possible using cheesecloth or a juice press.
Plantain Oil
Collect the leaves after the dew has dried. Allow them to wilt for a day in the shade. Finely chop the plant material and loosely pack it into a jar. Cover it well with a cold pressed oil or extra virgin olive oil.
Seal the jar, put it in brown paper bag in the sun for 2 - 6 weeks.
Strain when ready and leave to settle for 2-3 days. The result should be a beautiful, deep green, powerfully healing oil.
Plantain Ointment
Place a small jar in a saucepan containing a small amount of water. Allow the water to simmer at the lowest possible heat. In the jar place approximately 1 Tbsp of beeswax to every 30 mls of Plantain oil. Stir with a wooden chopstick to ensure all the wax has melted. Remove from the heat and allow to set.
HOW MUCH TO USE
For 1:5 tincture 6 – 12 mls daily in divided doses.
For oils and ointments, use topically as required.
For tea: 1-3 cups daily
For infusion: 1-3 cups daily
For juice: take as required
SAFETY
Plantain is safe to use.
RESEARCH REVIEW
A reasonable amount of medical, pharmacological, and agricultural research over the past decade has focussed on P. lanceolata and P. major for the following reasons.
§ Aucubin content
§ Catalpol content.
§ Wound healing
§ Anti-inflammatory action in upper respiratory infections
§ Immunostimulatory properties
§ Possible hepato-protective properties
§ Usefulness as pasture crop
§ Allergenic properties of the pollen from P. lanceolata
Aucubin
Both P. major and P. lanceolata contain a glycoside of the monoterpene class (iridoid) called aucubin. Numerous scientific papers have been written about this particular member of the monoterpene family, the general characteristics of which are: sedative, anaesthetic, alterative, antiseptic, anti-viral, anti-toxic, anti-histaminic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-tumour, anti-cancer, anti-carcinogenic, diuretic, expectorant, hypotensive, organoleptic (odour, taste)
Aucubin has been shown to have potent liver protecting properties (in rats and mice). Both aucubin and a haemolytic saponin from Plantain leaves have been shown to be active against Staphylococcus aureus1.
In one study aucubin was found to suppress hepatitis B viral DNA replication in vitro2.
Catalpol
Catalpol has many functions including stimulating production of adrenal cortical hormones, which increase the production of sex hormones and stimulation of the production of adrenal gland androgens. It has anti-inflammatory properties and is implicated in wound healing.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
The two Plantains have been used to treat upper respiratory infections traditionally and while only few clinical data are available results of research confirms anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and immunostimulatory actions. In one German study the use of P. lanceolata in moderate chronic irritative cough, especially for children, was found to be very beneficial3.
In 1982 a clinical trial of an alcohol preparation of P. major in the treatment of chronic bronchitis treated twenty-five patients for 25-30 days. A rapid improvement was experienced by 80 per cent of patients4.
An extract of P. major is included as a mild sedative in a patented preparation for breaking the smoking habit. (Brooker et al, 1987. p 192)
Immunostimulatory Properties
A study carried out by the National Institute of Public Health in Oslo, Norway showed that a pectin type polysaccharide fraction, PMII, isolated from the leaves of Plantago major, is a potent complement activator with an activity similar to that of human immunoglobulin (Ig)G5.
Research carried out by the Department of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences at the University of Illinois College of Medicine in the USA showed a link between P. major leaf extracts and stimulation of immune system functions6.
Hepato Protection
Some research exists linking P. lanceolata with hepato-protective actions in mice and rats. Plantain has traditionally been used as a liver support herb although not so much today.
Wound Healing
Much medical research has been undertaken into the use of the Plantains for wound healing and skin ailments in general. The majority of herbal texts list many uses of this nature.
Allergenic Properties
The pollen from P. lanceolata is a common allergen implicated as a contributing factor in asthma and bronchitic problems. Three specific allergens have been detected in P. lanceolata pollen7.
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DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Standardised Extract
Where a chemical constituent in the plant is at a set level between batches of the commercial preparation. In the case of St John's Wort the level is set at that which has been used in the clinical trials.
Liquid Extract
These are tinctures made by maceration, or fluid extracts generally prepared by percolation usually using alcohol to extract the plant constituents.
Herbalists use them because a more precise dose and more personalised formulation can be prepared.
Tablets
A great degree of processing is required to achieve a therapeutic dose in a tablet.
Also precise formulations and dosing are difficult to achieve.
Capsules
Convenient but many would have to be taken to achieve a therapeutic dose.
Infusions and Decoctions
These were the traditional ways of preparing herbal medicines. Many herbalists continue to use these and they are especially useful for the treatment of people with fevers and urinary tract infections, as well as for nourishment.
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REFERENCES
Books
Brooker, S. G., Cambie, R. C., Cooper, R. C., (1987). New Zealand medicinal plants; p 192
Reed Books, NZ
Journals
1. Tarle, D., Petricic, J. and Kupinic, M. Antibiotic effects of aucubin, saponins and extract of Plantain leaf – herbe or folium Plantago lanceolata. Farm. Glas. 37: 351– 54, 1981. (Ca 1982, 96:40797) sited in Brooker et al, 1987.
2. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1998 Nov;102(2):189-204
Liver-protective activities of aucubin derived from traditional oriental medicine.
Chang IM.
3. Wien Med Wochenschr 1999;149(8-10):211-6
Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.: anti-inflammatory action in upper respiratory tract infections]
Wegener T, Kraft K.
4. Vutr Boles. 1982;21(2):133-7. Bulgarian
Clinical trial of a Plantago major preparation in the treatment of chronic bronchitis
Matev M, Angelova I, Koichev A, Leseva M, Stefanov G.
5. Phytotherapy Res 2000 Dec; 14(8): 617-22
Immunoenhancing properties of Plantago major leaf extract.
Gomez-Flores R, Calderon CL, Scheibel LW, Tamez-Guerra P, Rodriguez-Padilla C, Tamez-Guerra R, Weber RJ.
6. Allergy 2000 Nov;55(11):1059-62
Detection of allergens in plantain (Plantago lanceolata) pollen.
Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Casarini M.
7. Scand J Immunol 2000 Nov; 52(5): 483-90
Michaelsen TE, Gilje A, Samuelsen AB, Hogasen K, Paulsen BS
REFLECTIONS
In my humble opinion Plantain has no equal as a skin healing herb.
LINKS
For some very beautiful Plantain images check out the following site:
www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/imaxxptg.htm |
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